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Stability, reliability, and validity of the THINC-it screening tool for cognitive impairment in depression: A psychometric exploration in healthy volunteers.

Identifieur interne : 000780 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000779; suivant : 000781

Stability, reliability, and validity of the THINC-it screening tool for cognitive impairment in depression: A psychometric exploration in healthy volunteers.

Auteurs : John E. Harrison [Pays-Bas, Royaume-Uni] ; Harry Barry [Irlande (pays)] ; Bernhard T. Baune [Australie] ; Michael W. Best [Canada] ; Christopher R. Bowie [Canada] ; Danielle S. Cha [Canada] ; Larry Culpepper [États-Unis] ; Philippe Fossati [France] ; Tracy L. Greer [États-Unis] ; Catherine Harmer [Royaume-Uni] ; Esther Klag [Royaume-Uni] ; Raymond W. Lam [Canada] ; Yena Lee [Canada] ; Rodrigo B. Mansur [Canada] ; Hans-Ulrich Wittchen [Allemagne] ; Roger S. Mcintyre [Canada]

Source :

RBID : pubmed:30088298

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

Abstract

OBJECTIVES

There is a need for a brief, reliable, valid, and sensitive assessment tool for screening cognitive deficits in patients with Major Depressive Disorders. This paper examines the psychometric characteristics of THINC-it, a cognitive assessment tool composed of four objective measures of cognition and a self-rated assessment, in subjects without mental disorders.

METHODS

N = 100 healthy controls with no current or past history of depression were tested on four sequential assessments to examine temporal stability, reliability, and convergent validity of the THINC-it tests. We examined temporal reliability across 1 week and stability via three consecutive assessments. Consistency of assessment by the study rater (intrarater reliability) was calculated using the data from the second and third of these consecutive assessments.

RESULTS

Test-retest reliability correlations varied between Pearson's r = 0.75 and 0.8. Intrarater reliability between 0.7 and 0.93. Stability for the primary measure for each test yielded within-subject standard deviation values between 5.9 and 11.23 for accuracy measures and 0.735 and 17.3 seconds for latency measures. Convergent validity for three tasks was in the acceptable range, but low for the Symbol Check task.

CONCLUSIONS

Analysis shows high levels of reliability and stability. Levels of convergent validity were modest but acceptable in the case of all but one test.


DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1736
PubMed: 30088298
PubMed Central: PMC6174931


Affiliations:


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Le document en format XML

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<nlm:affiliation>Centre for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas, Dallas, Texas, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas, Dallas, Texas</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Harmer, Catherine" sort="Harmer, Catherine" uniqKey="Harmer C" first="Catherine" last="Harmer">Catherine Harmer</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Klag, Esther" sort="Klag, Esther" uniqKey="Klag E" first="Esther" last="Klag">Esther Klag</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Clinical Psychologist, Rehabilitation Neuropsychologist, Psychotherapist, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Clinical Psychologist, Rehabilitation Neuropsychologist, Psychotherapist, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lam, Raymond W" sort="Lam, Raymond W" uniqKey="Lam R" first="Raymond W" last="Lam">Raymond W. Lam</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>BC Leadership Chair in Depression Research, Vancouver, BC, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>BC Leadership Chair in Depression Research, Vancouver, BC</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>BC</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de la Colombie-Britannique</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Vancouver</settlement>
<region type="state">Colombie-Britannique </region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Mood Disorders Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Mood Disorders Centre, Vancouver, BC</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>BC</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT), Vancouver, BC, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT), Vancouver, BC</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>BC</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lee, Yena" sort="Lee, Yena" uniqKey="Lee Y" first="Yena" last="Lee">Yena Lee</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>ON</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mansur, Rodrigo B" sort="Mansur, Rodrigo B" uniqKey="Mansur R" first="Rodrigo B" last="Mansur">Rodrigo B. Mansur</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>ON</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT), Vancouver, BC, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT), Vancouver, BC</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>BC</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wittchen, Hans Ulrich" sort="Wittchen, Hans Ulrich" uniqKey="Wittchen H" first="Hans-Ulrich" last="Wittchen">Hans-Ulrich Wittchen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy and Centre of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy and Centre of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Dresde</region>
<settlement type="city">Dresde</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université technique de Dresde</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:affiliation>Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy MPCB, Dresden, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy MPCB, Dresden</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Dresde</region>
<settlement type="city">Dresde</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mcintyre, Roger S" sort="Mcintyre, Roger S" uniqKey="Mcintyre R" first="Roger S" last="Mcintyre">Roger S. Mcintyre</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>ON</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:affiliation>Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation (BCDF), Toronto, ON, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation (BCDF), Toronto, ON</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>ON</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<series>
<title level="j">International journal of methods in psychiatric research</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1557-0657</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2018" type="published">2018</date>
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<keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en">
<term>Adult (MeSH)</term>
<term>Cognitive Dysfunction (diagnosis)</term>
<term>Cognitive Dysfunction (etiology)</term>
<term>Depressive Disorder, Major (complications)</term>
<term>Female (MeSH)</term>
<term>Humans (MeSH)</term>
<term>Male (MeSH)</term>
<term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term>
<term>Neuropsychological Tests (standards)</term>
<term>Psychometrics (methods)</term>
<term>Reproducibility of Results (MeSH)</term>
<term>Young Adult (MeSH)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Adulte (MeSH)</term>
<term>Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH)</term>
<term>Dysfonctionnement cognitif (diagnostic)</term>
<term>Dysfonctionnement cognitif (étiologie)</term>
<term>Femelle (MeSH)</term>
<term>Humains (MeSH)</term>
<term>Jeune adulte (MeSH)</term>
<term>Mâle (MeSH)</term>
<term>Psychométrie (méthodes)</term>
<term>Reproductibilité des résultats (MeSH)</term>
<term>Tests neuropsychologiques (normes)</term>
<term>Trouble dépressif majeur (complications)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="complications" xml:lang="en">
<term>Depressive Disorder, Major</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnosis" xml:lang="en">
<term>Cognitive Dysfunction</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnostic" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Dysfonctionnement cognitif</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="etiology" xml:lang="en">
<term>Cognitive Dysfunction</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en">
<term>Psychometrics</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="méthodes" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Psychométrie</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="normes" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Tests neuropsychologiques</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="standards" xml:lang="en">
<term>Neuropsychological Tests</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="étiologie" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Dysfonctionnement cognitif</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en">
<term>Adult</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Middle Aged</term>
<term>Reproducibility of Results</term>
<term>Young Adult</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="complications" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Adulte</term>
<term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term>
<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Jeune adulte</term>
<term>Mâle</term>
<term>Reproductibilité des résultats</term>
<term>Trouble dépressif majeur</term>
</keywords>
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<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p>
<b>OBJECTIVES</b>
</p>
<p>There is a need for a brief, reliable, valid, and sensitive assessment tool for screening cognitive deficits in patients with Major Depressive Disorders. This paper examines the psychometric characteristics of THINC-it, a cognitive assessment tool composed of four objective measures of cognition and a self-rated assessment, in subjects without mental disorders.</p>
</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p>
<b>METHODS</b>
</p>
<p>N = 100 healthy controls with no current or past history of depression were tested on four sequential assessments to examine temporal stability, reliability, and convergent validity of the THINC-it tests. We examined temporal reliability across 1 week and stability via three consecutive assessments. Consistency of assessment by the study rater (intrarater reliability) was calculated using the data from the second and third of these consecutive assessments.</p>
</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p>
<b>RESULTS</b>
</p>
<p>Test-retest reliability correlations varied between Pearson's r = 0.75 and 0.8. Intrarater reliability between 0.7 and 0.93. Stability for the primary measure for each test yielded within-subject standard deviation values between 5.9 and 11.23 for accuracy measures and 0.735 and 17.3 seconds for latency measures. Convergent validity for three tasks was in the acceptable range, but low for the Symbol Check task.</p>
</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p>
<b>CONCLUSIONS</b>
</p>
<p>Analysis shows high levels of reliability and stability. Levels of convergent validity were modest but acceptable in the case of all but one test.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pubmed>
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<PMID Version="1">30088298</PMID>
<DateCompleted>
<Year>2019</Year>
<Month>07</Month>
<Day>29</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised>
<Year>2021</Year>
<Month>01</Month>
<Day>09</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Print-Electronic">
<Journal>
<ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1557-0657</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet">
<Volume>27</Volume>
<Issue>3</Issue>
<PubDate>
<Year>2018</Year>
<Month>09</Month>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>International journal of methods in psychiatric research</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Int J Methods Psychiatr Res</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Stability, reliability, and validity of the THINC-it screening tool for cognitive impairment in depression: A psychometric exploration in healthy volunteers.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination>
<MedlinePgn>e1736</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1002/mpr.1736</ELocationID>
<Abstract>
<AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVES">There is a need for a brief, reliable, valid, and sensitive assessment tool for screening cognitive deficits in patients with Major Depressive Disorders. This paper examines the psychometric characteristics of THINC-it, a cognitive assessment tool composed of four objective measures of cognition and a self-rated assessment, in subjects without mental disorders.</AbstractText>
<AbstractText Label="METHODS">N = 100 healthy controls with no current or past history of depression were tested on four sequential assessments to examine temporal stability, reliability, and convergent validity of the THINC-it tests. We examined temporal reliability across 1 week and stability via three consecutive assessments. Consistency of assessment by the study rater (intrarater reliability) was calculated using the data from the second and third of these consecutive assessments.</AbstractText>
<AbstractText Label="RESULTS">Test-retest reliability correlations varied between Pearson's r = 0.75 and 0.8. Intrarater reliability between 0.7 and 0.93. Stability for the primary measure for each test yielded within-subject standard deviation values between 5.9 and 11.23 for accuracy measures and 0.735 and 17.3 seconds for latency measures. Convergent validity for three tasks was in the acceptable range, but low for the Symbol Check task.</AbstractText>
<AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS">Analysis shows high levels of reliability and stability. Levels of convergent validity were modest but acceptable in the case of all but one test.</AbstractText>
<CopyrightInformation>© 2018 The Authors International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</CopyrightInformation>
</Abstract>
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<LastName>Harrison</LastName>
<ForeName>John E</ForeName>
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<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-0225-4923</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Alzheimer Center, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Kilmington Common, Metis Cognition Ltd, Wiltshire, UK.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Barry</LastName>
<ForeName>Harry</ForeName>
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<Affiliation>Stoneylane Clinic Drogheda, Co Louth, Ireland.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Baune</LastName>
<ForeName>Bernhard T</ForeName>
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<Affiliation>Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<ForeName>Michael W</ForeName>
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<Affiliation>Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Bowie</LastName>
<ForeName>Christopher R</ForeName>
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<Affiliation>Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<ForeName>Danielle S</ForeName>
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<Affiliation>Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
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<LastName>Culpepper</LastName>
<ForeName>Larry</ForeName>
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<Affiliation>Department of Family Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Fossati</LastName>
<ForeName>Philippe</ForeName>
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<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle (ICM)-Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière, Paris, France.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<ForeName>Tracy L</ForeName>
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<Affiliation>Centre for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas, Dallas, Texas, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
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<LastName>Harmer</LastName>
<ForeName>Catherine</ForeName>
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</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Mood Disorders Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT), Vancouver, BC, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<Initials>Y</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
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<LastName>Mansur</LastName>
<ForeName>Rodrigo B</ForeName>
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</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT), Vancouver, BC, Canada.</Affiliation>
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<ForeName>Hans-Ulrich</ForeName>
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<Affiliation>Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy and Centre of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy MPCB, Dresden, Germany.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>McIntyre</LastName>
<ForeName>Roger S</ForeName>
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<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation (BCDF), Toronto, ON, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
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